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In the news lately (early 2019) are many stories of regular people complaining that they have drastically lower tax refunds than the previous year, and some even owing instead. This is in the wake of President Trump's Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which promises in name and from its supporters to lower taxes. Among all these stories is the implication that the act has done the exact opposite. A Fox News opinion piece has taken exception to these many stories and claims that

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act significantly cut tax rates for middle class families, 80 percent of whom had a lower tax burden in 2018 than they did before the president’s tax cuts took effect.

Is this true? How many of 2018 middle class families have a lower tax burden than they did before the act took effect?

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    I've decided to tag [trump] because such tax bills are often strongly associated with the president who signed them, such that they are even called "[president's name] tax cuts".
    – user11643
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 7:35
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    End-year tax refunds are a symptom of the in-year tax system failing to collect the correct amounts and instead collecting too much. The recent reforms included eliminating many itemized deductions, so reducing the gap. This has little to do with the level of tax burden.
    – Henry
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 8:11
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    @Henry Indeed, and my exact complaint when first seeing these articles. But I could straight ask the question they insinuate: that taxes are actually higher. I had to wait for someone to make a definitive claim.
    – user11643
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 8:16
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    It's worth noting that we are currently in the middle of tax season. I.e. that most people who owe taxes (who gain by waiting as long as possible to file) haven't filed yet. If this statistic exists yet, it may be slanted. And it's possible that the statistic does not yet exist. If the first return was filed January 31st and the first refund goes out six weeks later, that would be in March. It's still February. This question may simply not be ripe yet.
    – Brythan
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 16:25
  • @Brythan A good point, but that hasn't stopped the media buzz...
    – user11643
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 16:34

1 Answer 1

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Yes

Tax Policy Center reports across all income levels:

About 65 percent of households paid less in individual income taxes in 2018 as a result of the TCJA. About 6 percent paid more. The rest paid about the same.

Results by income level are in Table 2 of the full report:

  • Bottom quintile (< $25k): 27% reduced; 1% increased
  • Second quintile ($25-47k): 65% reduced; 6% increased
  • Third quintile ($57-78k): 82% reduced; 9% increased
  • Fourth quintile ($78-127k): 89% reduced; 10% increased
  • Top quintile (> $127k): 90% reduced; 10% increased

These figures include households with zero tax burden in both years (common in the lowest quintile), even though obviously they could not have their tax burden reduced.

"Middle class" varies in its definition, but a typical one would comprise the third and fourth quintiles, of which 86% paid less tax.


This overall result (clear majority of households paying less) is consistent with other findings. New York Times:

Other analyses reached similar conclusions. The Joint Committee on Taxation — Congress’s nonpartisan team of tax analysts — found that every income group would see a tax cut on average. So did the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, a left-leaning think tank that was sharply critical of the law. In fact, that group went even further: In a December 2017 analysis, it found that every income group in every state would pay less on average under the law in 2019.

So far, tax season seems to be playing out more or less as the experts predicted. H&R Block, the tax-preparation giant, said last week that two-thirds of returning customers had paid less tax this year than last (excluding people who owed no tax in either year). Taxes were down, on average, in every state.

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  • Q: How many middle class families' tax burden was less in 2018 because of Trump's tax cuts? A: True. You might want to make your title match the question's title, or rephrase it a bit.
    – pipe
    Commented Jan 2, 2020 at 16:42
  • @pipe, I prefer to rate the accuracy of the claim, since Skeptics is intended only to verify claims, not to answer general questions. Binary question formats are better than more open-ended ones. I will suggest an edit to the question title. Commented Jan 2, 2020 at 16:47
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    Are individual income taxes synonymous with tax burden? My understanding was that the law removed some state-tax-based deductions, implying that people might end up paying more in total tax even if their federal income tax reduced. How accurate is that? Commented Jan 3, 2020 at 2:04
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    @JamesPicone The federal government cannot change state burden, as only the states have that authority. I believe what you are referring to is that the change made it so that one can no longer deduct what they paid in state taxes from their income when paying federal tax when itemizing. Despite being calculated off of state taxes this change only affected federal taxes owed. Incidentally the result was that people in democratic states (which tend to have higher state taxes) benefited less from the change then those in republican ones, but I'm sure that was considered a feature not a bug ;)
    – dsollen
    Commented Jan 3, 2020 at 16:32
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    @JamesPicone, that's reversed: federal taxes were formerly reduced based on state/local tax burden. The TCJA removal of this deduction causes federal tax to rise and is fully accounted for in the statistics. Commented Jan 4, 2020 at 16:36

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