Can martial artists strengthen limbs, appendages, and other parts of their bodies to “super-human” degrees?
It depends how you define 'super-human'. If you mean 'abnormal' or 'super-normal', then yes.
It is well-known that 'high impact' exercises increase, for example, bone density: which makes the bones stronger i.e. less prone to fracture.
Examples of 'high impact' training for a martial artist include and kicking things (e.g, hitting 'punching bags').
Another reference ... National Geographic video - "hard body training" - illustrates "Wolff's law" and its implication for striking in martial art.
Edit: someone should add a reference to 'load bearing' exercise.